Englisc:Dǽlnimend
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Dǽlnimend sind ánsíen worda þe sind swá tógeíecendlice gebrýced. Híe cumaþ of wordum (endiende mid '-an'), and cunnon béon gebrýced swá naman oþþe tógeíecendlicu.
Ánsíen þára dǽlnimenda
In andweardum dǽlnimendum, íecþ man efne '-ende' tó þǽm ende. Þus:
- secgan wierþ secgende
- hléapan wierþ hléapende
- Openian wierþ openiende
- Séon wierþ séonde
Man siehþ þæt mid scortum wordum, íecþ man ánlíepige '-de' tó þǽm ende. Mid '-ian' wordum, íecþ man '-iende', and mid óðrum wordum '-ende.'
In forþgewitenum dǽlnimendum, íecþ man efne '-ed', '-en', oþþe '-od' tó þǽm ende. Þus:
- fremman wierþ gefremed
- rídan wierþ geriden
- sáwan wierþ gesáwen
- Openian wierþ geopenod
Ac,
- Séon wierþ gesewen
Becép hú þæt strange word séon næfde éac efenne forþgewitenne dǽlnimend. Hit is strang word, swá rídan, helpan, cuman, and syndrigu word, ac nis efen. Má þissa unefenra worda mid unefenum forþgewitenum dǽlnimendum sind:
- Béon, gebéon
- féolan, gefólen
- Brecan, gebrocen
- Séon, gesewen oþþe gesegen
- Sníðan, gesniden
- Céosan, gecoren
Swá gesewen mid þissum dǽlnimendum, sceal man ánfealdlíce in héafod téon. Þǽr sind féaw word, þe unefenu sind. Þǽr is nán ánfeald regol, ac þu canst séon þæt 'ð' wierþ 'd' and 's' wierþ 'r'.
Dǽlnimend habbaþ wé twégen: andweardne and forþgewitenne.
Brycas
- Mid béon/wesan (swá wæs, wǽre, asf), sægþ þes dǽlnimend, þæt séo dǽd gelamp for sumre ámetendlicre nearore tíde in þǽre forþgewitenan tíde:
- þæt scip wæs ealne weg iernende under segle (þæt scip seglode for sumre tíde).
- Petrus wearþ æfterweard þus cweðende (hé cwæþ for sumre tíde, and æfter sumre tíde stilede hine selfne).
- Gif his hreofla wiersigende wǽre (hé hæfde ádle, and sægþ gif héo wurde wiers).
- þæt se wísdóm mage on him wuniende béon (béo se wísdóm in him, and béo hé wuniende forþ (i.e. ne stierfaþ, ac wunaþ forþ in him))
- Mid wordum swá 'secgan', 'sprecan', asf.: Hé spræc þǽr wepende (þá hé þǽr spræc, wéop hé forþ); gelíce 'hé spræc on wepunge'
- Mid wordum swá cuman, sittan, asf: hé cóm rídende (hé cwóm ús tó, and rád swá þæt hé cuman cúðe); gelíce 'hé cóm on rídunge'.
- Mid wordum swá séon, hieran, asf: héo seah hine rídende (héo seah hine, þone mann. Se mann wæs on rídende); gelíce 'héo seah hine on rídende.'
English verbs, not defective, have severally three participles; which have been very variously denominated, perhaps the most accurately thus: the Imperfect, the Perfect, and the Preperfect. Or, as their order is undisputed, they may he conveniently called the First, the Second, and the Third.
The Imperfect participle is that which ends commonly in ing, and implies a continuance of the being, action, or passion: as, being, acting, ruling, loving, defending, terminating.
The Perfect participle is that which ends commonly in ed or en, and implies a completion of the being, action, or passion: as, been, acted, ruled, loved, defended, terminated.
The Preperfect participle is that which takes the sign having, and implies a previous completion of the being, action, or passion: as, having loved, having seen, having written; having been loved, having been writing, having been written.
The First or Imperfect Participle, when simple, is always formed by adding ing to the radical verb; as, look, looking: when compound, it is formed by prefixing being to some other simple participle; as, being reading, being read, being completed.
The Second or Perfect Participle is always simple, and is regularly formed by adding d or ed to the radical verb: those verbs from which it is formed otherwise, are either irregular or redundant.
The Third or Preperfect Participle is always compound, and is formed by prefixing having to the perfect, when the compound is double, and having been to the perfect or the imperfect, when the compound is triple: as, having spoken, having been spoken, having been speaking.
Examples
- Hé is talking to her.
- They are jumping into the pool.
- Wé hæfdon geeten the pie.
Each of these cases has a verb acting as an adjective, describing the subject.
In case you were wondering, 'had' plus a past participle is called a past perfect.
Brycas þæs Dǽlnimendes
- Hé wæs on temple, lǽrende his discipulas - Sægþ þæt 'hé' in sumum temple wæs, lǽrþ hé his leornungcnihtas, and can onginnan tó secgenne of sumum þinge, þe onginþ gelimpan.
- Þá hé on temple wæs, lǽrende his discipulas - hwonne hé in temple wæs, in forþgewitenre tíde, lǽrde hé sumre tíde his leornungcnihtas, and can onginnan tó secgenne of sumum þinge, þe onginþ gelimpan.
In þissum brycum, cunnon wé éac secgan 'Hé wæs on temple. Hé lǽrde his discipulas. Æt þǽre tíde...' oþþe 'Þá hé on temple lǽrde, ...'
A part of the text in this article, was taken from the public domain English grammar "The Grammar of English Grammars" by Goold Brown, 1851.